The Moral Model

This perspective is rooted in the belief that substance use is inherently immoral. Historically, proponents of this model often held strong religious convictions, which colored their views on addiction. Rather than recognizing addiction as a complex issue, they framed it in terms of morality—categorizing behaviors as right or wrong.

Adherents of the Moral Model typically reject the influence of biology and science in addiction, which is a perilous stance. As informed individuals, we understand that addiction is a condition that originates in the brain. It arises when the brain's pleasure pathways become overstimulated. The human body has an innate drive to pursue pleasure, and when a substance is consumed, it can trigger an overwhelming release of dopamine. For a deeper understanding, refer to the research available here.

The Moral Model posits that individuals engage in substance use due to poor decision-making, implying that those affected possess a "weak" character easily swayed by temptation. Consequently, individuals struggling with addiction are often blamed for their circumstances, leading to shaming and social isolation.

Addiction is not a conscious choice or a desired situation. People do not initiate substance use with the intention of becoming dependent. Various factors can lead individuals to substance use that are unrelated to their character. For instance, a young girl might start using prescribed opioids after a soccer injury, only to find herself grappling with addiction later. Similarly, a college student might unknowingly consume fentanyl-laced marijuana at a party and subsequently face addiction.

Numerous factors can contribute to someone developing an addiction. Individuals may seek substances as a form of self-medication during difficult times, often unaware of the associated risks. Additionally, a lack of education regarding substance use may exacerbate the situation.

While many professionals have moved away from this model due to its flawed logic, some still allow their personal beliefs to influence their understanding of addiction. One of the most significant shortcomings of the Moral Model is its assumption that individuals have the ability to simply choose to stop using substances. Research has demonstrated that addiction is far more complex, involving intricate brain pathways.

Who Developed This Model?

The Moral Model emerged in the 1800s as awareness grew about the dangers of alcohol consumption. Initially, it was known as the Temperance Model and later evolved into the Spiritual Model, primarily aimed at addressing domestic abuse linked to alcohol use. This model quickly gained traction among religious communities, which still uphold its principles today.

Research indicates that in regions with fewer diversion programs, there is a heightened inclination to "punish" individuals who use substances. Moreover, these communities often resort to religious interventions, which typically involve shaming, prayer, and church attendance. The social stigmas created by earlier iterations of this model persist to this day, perpetuating the misconception that substance use is merely a matter of choice, despite its inherent complexity.

The Importance of Understanding This Model

There are numerous evidence-based risk-reduction strategies for substance use that continue to be stigmatized in certain parts of the U.S. One such practice is needle exchange programs, which allow users to swap used needles for clean ones, thereby preventing the spread of bloodborne illnesses and infections. These programs are essential because they recognize that users cannot simply "stop" and highlight the importance of safety over unsafe practices.

It’s critical to acknowledge the harmful effects of the Moral Model. Characterizing substance use as a "sin" or morally reprehensible fosters guilt and shame, compounding the pain that many individuals seek to alleviate through substance use. Most people turn to substances to escape discomfort, so instilling feelings of guilt only exacerbates their struggles.

Contrary to the beliefs of the Moral Model, shaming individuals for their choices rarely leads to positive outcomes. Instead, it breeds fear, isolation, and further harm.

How to Help Shift the Narrative

We can all contribute to dismantling stigma by taking specific actions:

1. Educate Yourself: Substance use is often not adequately covered in educational settings.
2. Engage with Knowledgeable Individuals: This could include substance users or those who have experienced loss related to substance use. Personal stories can offer invaluable insights beyond academic resources.
3. Avoid Presuming Addiction is a Choice: Recognize that addiction is a complex issue, not simply a result of personal failure.
4. Move Beyond Religious Doctrines: The belief that substance use is sinful is not only outdated but harmful.
5. Listen Actively: Many remain attached to their beliefs, making it difficult to embrace new information. Be open to learning and understanding alternative perspectives.

For further information, consider exploring the following resources: