Understanding the Brain Beyond Computers

The analogy of the brain as a computer has dominated discussions on cognitive processing. We often liken the brain's functioning to that of a computer—where sensory inputs, such as sounds or lights, are detected by specialized cells, and information is relayed through neurons like a relay race. While this metaphor has its merits, it falls short in explaining the brain's true intricacies. Unlike computers, our brains are influenced by various factors, such as our level of rest and the context of our attention, which can alter how we perceive stimuli.

This indicates that our understanding of brain function must encompass more than just the neural relay system. Emerging research hints at additional mechanisms at play, particularly the role of waves in information processing.

Section 1.1: Waves in the Brain

In April 2022, Salk Institute researchers Thomas Albright and Sergei Gepshtein published their findings in Science Advances, revealing that the brain communicates information through wave interactions. Gepshtein draws a parallel between light and brain activity, noting that just as light can be viewed as both a particle and a wave, brain function can be understood through both neuron interactions and wave dynamics.

In his explanation, Gepshtein states, "The traditional view of brain function describes brain activity as an interaction of neurons. We've found that, in some situations, brain activity is better described as interaction of waves." This duality is essential for fully comprehending brain dynamics.

While scientists have long recognized the presence of brainwaves, they previously did not connect these waves to information processing. Utilizing advanced mathematical models and observations from 139 animal neurons, researchers discovered that the behavior of neurons is better described through interacting waves rather than simple relay systems.

When these waves meet, they can amplify each other, enhancing awareness of stimuli. Conversely, low-activity waves can diminish awareness through interference, leading to missed sensory information.

Section 1.2: The Role of Brain Ripples in Memory

Adding another layer to this understanding, researchers at the University of California San Diego School of Medicine conducted a study published in PNAS, titled “Widespread ripples synchronize human cortical activity during sleep, waking, and memory recall.” This study posits that these brain waves not only assist in processing information but also play a crucial role in encoding memories into a unified experience.

Consider the complexity of forming a memory: When reading in a park, you are aware of the sun's warmth, the grass beneath your feet, and the surrounding sounds. Each sensory detail activates different brain regions, but how do these disparate elements connect? Previous studies suggested that during sleep, the hippocampus replays daily patterns, essential for memory consolidation. The UC San Diego team hypothesized that high-frequency ripples facilitate interactions between neurons across the brain.

Their findings indicated that brief ripples, occurring at nearly 90 cycles per second, synchronized across various brain regions, activating thousands of neuron modules. Remarkably, these ripples correlated with successful memory recall, suggesting they foster integration of different sensory elements into cohesive memories.